The Argentine colonial era is the name given to the period of history in which the Argentine Republic was under the control of the Crown and the Spanish conquerors. The population of Tucumn possessed a wide jurisdiction over the ecclesiastical controls of the region, as well as an important political participation. These battles are memorialized in the names of the streets of Buenos Aires that feed into the Plaza de Mayo, which were the routes the Argentine armies used to oust the British. A peculiar type of rounded gravel called grava patagnica lies on level landforms, including isolated mesas. It extended through all the Argentine territory and of what is now Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay. Argentina About Argentina Argentina has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century. By the time the Spanish arrived, over four millennia of complex societies had In recent years, Madrid diplomacy has been trying to regain its shaken prestige and influence over Argentina and its closest neighbors. Baseball is the most popular sport in the Andean and midlatitude regions of South America. This, together with the economic development of the region, were the main catalysts for the independence of Argentina. Taken from wikipedia.org, Manuel Belgrano, (n.d.), February 25, 2018. This has led to a hybrid Argentine culture which is among the most distinct from traditional Spanish culture in Latin America. This southeastern section of the Northwest is often called the Pampean Sierras, a complex that has been compared to the Basin and Range region of the western United States. The diversion of trade caused as a domino effect that smuggling was one of the most common ways of obtaining income in the societies of the viceroyalty regions of Peru, which today make up Buenos Aires and Montevideo. By 1598, Juan de Oate, the first Spanish governor of New Mexico, and his entourage of Spanish settlers traveled the . This promoted further explorations in the area. There were short but constant battles over 35 years, from 1630 to 1665. Quipus conveyed information through a pattern of knots on . The battles were known as the Reconquista and the Defensa. In 1542 it began to be part of the viceroyalty of Peru. Key Terms. Quiz, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. Between 1857 and 1960, 2.2 million Spanish people emigrated to Argentina, mostly from Galicia, the Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Catalonia in northern Spain, while significantly smaller numbers of immigrants also arrived from Andalusia in southern Spain. Modern Argentina represents an important part of South American, Spanish, and colonial history. 1480 Words6 Pages. Its designation as Mesopotamia (Greek: Between the Rivers) reflects the fact that its western and eastern borders are two of the regions major rivers, the Paran and the Uruguay. Colonization brought suffering and death. Dom Pedro's abdication as emperor of Brazil was precipitated by a. the costly and fruitless war with Argentina over Uruguay. Spanish settlements date back to 16th century, and from then on, many Criollo Spaniards populated the area of Argentina, some of whom intermarried with non-Spaniards. Galicians make up 70% of the Spanish post-colonial immigrant population in Argentina. During the pre-Columbian period, the land that today is known as Argentina had a small number of inhabitants. The main reason for the establishment of this new viceroyalty was completely economic, but the concentration of power in Buenos Aires generated counterproductive consequences for the Spanish Crown. Defeat led to the fall of the military regime and the reestablishment of democratic rule, which has since endured despite various economic crises. Buenos Aires was thus a target of value for the British Navy, who now had an excuse to try to take the colony. The first navigators of the Americas through unexplored territories, navigated into the wide Ro de la Plata expecting to find a passage to the west and reach Asia, new navigations were fostered by the rumors of silver sources (such rumors are one of the early reasons of the name of Argentina). Argentina, Chile and Wales. It has led to more stable economies. When Spain lost control, Mauritania and Morocco moved in. Several inhabitants arrived from Peru to populate the area and settled in the region, which was one of the first areas of South America that was populated without the purpose of obtaining wealth, because La Plata did not have ample resources of rich minerals. Also important there, as elsewhere in Spanish America, were the ramifications of Napoleon Is intervention in Spain, beginning in 1808, which plunged that country into a civil war between two rival governmentsone set up by Napoleon, who placed his own brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne, and the other created by patriotic juntas in Spain in the name of the exiled Ferdinand VII and aided by the British. And the second is the syndrome of betrayal that Argentines feel in relation to Spain.https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/02/24/opinion/1487960027_33325[3], Yale university report states that 2,080,000 Spanish immigrants entered Argentina between 1857 and 1940. The North is commonly described in terms of its two main divisions: the Gran Chaco, or Chaco, comprising the dry lowlands between the Andes and the Paran River; and Mesopotamia, an area between the Paran and Uruguay rivers. (Updated) In this comprehensive history, updated to include the climactic events of the five years since the Falklands War, Professor Rock documents the early colonial history of Argentina, pointing to the colonial forms established during the Spanish conquest as the source . By this time, exploration had largely given way to conquest. Under the same economic system, Crdoba rose to leadership in the 17th and 18th centuries, because the expansion of settlement gave the city a central location and because the University of Crdoba, founded in 1613, put the city in the intellectual forefront of the region. The US proclaimed Morocco's sovereignty over the Sahrawi in return for Morocco's recognition of Israel's ownership of Palestine. The Argentine area was within the Spanish colonial entities of: The new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the events of the Peninsular War started the Argentine Wars of Independence, a theater of the greater Spanish American wars of independence. Moreover, long-lasting summer floods cover vast areas and leave behind ephemeral swamplands. Police say gunmen have left a threatening message for Argentine soccer superstar Lionel Messi and opened fire at a supermarket owned by his in-laws in Argentinas third-largest city, Over the past year, Argentine immigration authorities have noticed flights packed with dozens of pregnant Russians, Scientists say climate change isn't to blame for the nasty three-year drought still devastating Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Bolivia, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Political life was reoriented in 1776, when Spain created the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata (consisting of modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Bolivia), with Buenos Aires as its capital. One plan called for a full-scale invasion of ports on both sides of the continent in a coordinated attack from the Atlantic and the Pacific, but this plan was scrapped. However, in 1776 the Spanish Crown recognized the importance of Argentina with the establishment of a viceroyalty in Rio de la Plata, which gave more power to the region within less than half a century of its total independence. In Argentina the Pampas broaden out west of the Ro de la Plata to meet the Andean forelands, blending imperceptibly to the north with the Chaco Austral and southern Mesopotamia and extending southward to the Colorado River. Among the countrys other major cities are Mar del Plata, La Plata, and Baha Blanca on the Atlantic coast and Rosario, San Miguel de Tucumn, Crdoba, and Neuqun in the interior. His performance led to his appointment as viceroy of the city, without prior consultation with the King of Spain. The Spanish colonization spread a total area of 20 million km2. 750.000: Brasil rest in small groups to other american countries. As a response, an illegal trade network emerged that also included the Portuguese in their colony to the north. Q. The regions largest rivers follow a veritable maze of courses during flood season, however. Everything about the country changed when the Spanish first landed at their ports and took control of them. Q. In the late 18th century, the Spanish also tried to found settlements along the Patagonian coast in the South, but these settlements experienced harsh conditions, and many were eventually abandoned. This ancient Spanish institution had existed in all the colonies since the 16th century. The era of colonial Argentina from the early 16th century to the early 18th century forms a significant part of Argentinas history, intrinsically linked to the formation and conduct of the modern country, as does the early 19th-century struggle for independence. There was no silver, nor any other precious metal, but those initial myths influenced the modern name of Argentina. The Argentine people are a mixture of different national and ethnic groups, with the descendants of Italian and Spanish immigrants being predominant. A common practice among Argentines of Basque origin is to identify themselves "French-Basques". An army was raised and dubbed The Army of the Andes and was tasked with attacking the Viceroyalty of Peru via the territory of Chile. Spanish colonization of the Americas; Stanford University AMSTUD 150A. Taken from britannica.com, History of Argentina, (n.d.). Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alphonsn. These give way to soils ranging from rust to deep red colorations in Misiones. In the post-colonial period (1832-1950), there would be a further influx of Spanish immigrants to Argentina from all over Spain during the Great European immigration wave to Argentina, after the creation of the modern Argentine state. At that time, the Creoles and Europeans with more purchasing power began to buy land from the Spanish Crown, where they inaugurated a large number of farms throughout the entire Argentine territory. Nevertheless, the city thrived and became one of the biggest cities in the Americas. 5.0. Thick, dark soils predominate in the fertile loess grasslands of the Pampas, but lighter brown soils are common in the drier parts of northern Patagonia. . by. The British met stiff resistance from the local militia, which included 686 enslaved Africans. This view was sustained in Argentina by the Creoles (criollos; Argentine-born Europeans) rather than by the immigrant (peninsular) Spaniards, and it was put into effect by the Buenos Aires cabildo, or municipal council. In 1613 the University of Crdoba was also established, which made the city one of the main intellectual centers of the region. Mesoamerica: A region and cultural area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, where pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. This region consists of an Andean zone (also called Western Patagonia) and the main Patagonian plateau south of the Pampas, which extends to the tip of South America. Patagonia is the cold, parched, windy region that extends some 1,200 miles (1,900 km) south of the Pampas, from the Colorado River to Tierra del Fuego. At that time the Spaniards finally imposed control in the region and the aborigines left the area. Roughly 10-15% of the Argentine population are descended from Basque people, both Spanish and French, and are described as Basque Argentines. However, the lack of precious metals in the area, and the absence of local empires like the Aztecs in Mexico or the Incas in Peru, did not allow a notable growth of the Spanish populations in the area. a. Colonization is still going on in Latin America. Following three centuries of Spanish colonization, Argentina declared independence in 1816, and Argentine nationalists were instrumental in revolutionary movements elsewhere, a fact that prompted 20th-century writer Jorge Luis Borges to observe, "South America's independence was, to a great extent, an Argentine enterprise." The Royalists, however, still held the Uruguayan capital of Montevideo. The root cause of the trouble, the power struggle between Buenos Aires and the rest of the country, was not settled until 1880, and even after that it continued to cause dissatisfaction. As a consequence of this, all kinds of cargo had to first pass through the Peruvian port of Callao, near Lima. The limitless country sometimes contained only a solitary bull. In the 1990s, Spanish companies like Repsol and Telefonica invested in South America, often buying privatized companies. In 2013, there were 92,453 Spanish citizens born in Spain living in Argentina and another 288,494 Spanish citizens born in Argentina.[2]. An improvised fleet was built, which later engaged the Spanish fleet, and against all odds, won a decisive victory. This chapter surveys the literature on whether and which are the long-run economic legacies of European colonization today. Centuries after, the Americans followed in their footsteps. After winning a victory against Royalist forces at the Battle of Chacabuco, The Army of the Andes took Santiago. Spanish Discovery & the Beginnings of Colonial Argentina This caused that the goods that had to arrive directly to the Silver could not accede by means of the sea, that was the main way to do it at the time. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. EQUATORIAL GUINEA 3. During this period Argentina was considered one of the minor colonies for Spain, because the center of European government of this region was in Peru due to the important presence of resources that the area presented and the lack of minerals that were in Argentina. The following is a general guide to the Italian State Archives. In 1776, the administrative region covering Buenos Aires and its surroundings was redrawn and became the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata. Argentina-Spain relations are the bilateral relationship between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Spain.Since a great portion of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and a significant part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina were Spaniards, the large majority of Argentines are at least partly of Spanish . Wide rivers flow across the Gran Chaco flatlands, but their shallow nature rarely permits navigation, and never with regularity. In 1806, Spain and its colonies were under the control of the French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Author of, Professor of Comparative and International Politics, University of Southampton, England. The western sector of the North region, the Gran Chaco, extends beyond the international border at the Pilcomayo River into Paraguay, where it is called the Chaco Boreal (Northern Chaco) by Argentines. c. 300 yearsall Latin American countries were independent by 1810. This happened in 1573, when Cordoba was founded. Roughly around the same amount of time that Spain occupied the Philippines. How did colonization impact Argentina? Another report gives net migration data as follows: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During the colonial era, the Argentine settlements were increasingly becoming areas where a national identity was established in its inhabitants. The city became a center of economic, cultural and political progress that symbolized the beliefs with which the independent republic was founded. Free shipping for many products! Taken from wikipedia.org, Santiago de Liniers, (n.d.), November 13, 2017. Tucumn produced a significant amount of livestock, and this was sent to the upper part of the viceroyalty of Peru (the area that today occupies the map Bolivia) in exchange for goods brought from Spain. Decades of civil wars followed that involved many breakaway countries, as well as other nations such as Brazil, France, and Britain. Europeans first visited the area of Argentina in 1502 during the voyages of Amerigo Vespucci. High rates of piracy meant that, for a port city like Buenos Aires that relied on trade, all trading vessels had to have a military escort. Attempts at cultural cooperation face a number of obstacles, the most significant of which are two. This victory secured Buenos Aires for the Argentine Patriots and allowed the Uruguayan Revolutionaries to finally capture the city of Montevideo. BA History and Linguistics, Diploma in Journalism, Modern Argentina: A Struggle for Independence from Spanish Colonization, inspired Paraguay to declare independence, Heres What Made Joan of Arc a French Heroine. In 1817, the Argentines decided on a new tactic to defeat the Spanish Royalists in the north. In 1816 he participated in the congress of Tucumn, where the independence of his country was declared. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1980. Argentina is party to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (also known as the Rio Treaty). The 1970s ushered in a period of military dictatorship and repression during which thousands of presumed dissidents were disappeared, or murdered; this ended in the disastrous Falklands Islands War of 1982, when Argentina invaded the South Atlantic islands it claimed as its own and was defeated by British forces in a short but bloody campaign. Many of the Argentine migrants to Spain are the descendants of Spaniards or Italians that can easily acquire European citizenship under laws of return. Here is the rich and complex story of modern Argentina, from Spanish colonization to independence from Spain. Sensing that the Spanish Empire was weakening, they attacked Buenos Aires in 1806 and 1807. In addition, he acted as governor of the province of Tucumn and was one of the most influential political figures of the beginning of Spanish activities in the colonies of South America. The Pampean Sierras have variable elevations, beginning at 2,300 feet (700 metres) in the Sierra de Mogotes in the east and rising to 20,500 feet (6,250 metres) in the Sierra de Famatina in the west. They spent more than three decades for the inauguration of the second colony after the abandonment, in 1541, of what was the only Spanish colony. house documents of the Spanish American colonial period, is found in: Documentacin y Archivos de la Colonizacin Espaola (Documentation and Archives of the Spanish Colonization). Guida Gerale degli Archivi di Stato . Despite this, Argentina would continue to grow in strength with waves of immigration from Europe. The city with the world's second largest number of Galician people is Buenos Aires, where immigration from Galicia was so profound that today all Spaniards, regardless of their origin within Spain, are referred to as gallegos (Galicians) in Argentina. The Spanish invasion and colonization of Andean South America left millions dead, landscapes transformed, and traditional ways of life annihilated. Spanish Colonization: conquered Argentina and Uruguay imported enslaved Africans Portuguese Colonization: imported enslaved Africans sugar was the valuable export claimed the east coast of South America 2. These hills and the accompanying lava fields have dark soils spotted with lighter-coloured bunchgrass, which creates a leopard-skin effect that intensifies the desolate, windswept appearance of the Patagonian landscape. Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. Today, Bolivia and Peru have large Native American populations. 3. By carving the new viceroyalty from lands formerly part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, Spain intended to put its east-coast dominions in a better defensive position. Just above its confluence with the Alto Paran, the Iguaz River plunges over the escarpment of the Brazilian massif, creating Iguaz Fallsone of the worlds most spectacular natural attractions. The Andean region extends some 2,300 miles (3,700 km) along the western edge of the country from Bolivia to southern Patagonia, forming most of the natural boundary with Chile. The Spanish conquistadores encountered high civilizations in the New World in the area of present-day Mexico and in the Andean region. Quiz. 2.000.000: Argentina. It is among South Americas most cosmopolitan and crowded cities and is often likened to Paris or Rome for its architectural styles and lively nightlife. Golden-brown loess soils of the Gran Chaco are sometimes lighter where salinity is excessive but turn darker toward the east in the Mesopotamian border zone. The Argentine independence movement drastically changed earlier Argentine-Spanish relations. Disappointed at the dearth of mineral wealth and deterred by the pugnacity of the native . Native attacks had made the settlement untenable. East of the Gran Chaco, in a narrow depression 60 to 180 miles (100 to 300 km) wide, lies Mesopotamia, which is bordered to the north by the highlands of southern Brazil. Spain sought to protect its colonial territory from Portuguese and British expansion. Anyone who is interested might want to read the work of Stephen Zunes and Daniel Falcone on Western Sahara. After the establishment of Crdoba in 1573, a second settlement was established in 1580, also belonging to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Its industries have drawn colonists from Italy, Spain, and numerous other countries, millions of whom immigrated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place first in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The remaining territorywhat now constitutes modern Argentinawas frequently disunited until 1860. Spanish South America was neatly divided into six horizontal zones. There were land expeditions coming from the north as well, from Lima. In the Argentinian Constitution of 1853 . Updates? Relative stability was gained in 1853 with the ratifying of the Argentine Constitution, but low-intensity skirmishes continued until 1880 with the federalization of Buenos Aires. The economy of Spain began to decline at the beginning of the 17th century. Unlike Mexico and Peru, . The first Spanish settlement in Argentina was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu in 1527. Economic measures were taken to reduce the importance of the income obtained from the silver mines of Peru, which were being left with few resources after centuries of constant mining. In 1542, these divisions were superseded by the Viceroyalty of Peru, which subdivided South America more pragmatically into divisions known as audencias. The northern part of colonial Argentina was covered by La Plata de Los Charcas, while the southern part was covered by the Audencia of Chile. Roughly how long was the colonization period? Moments and Events in Argentina. At the time of the Spaniards' arrival in the sixteenth. In 1820 only two political organizations could claim more than strictly local and provincial followings: the revolutionary government in Buenos Aires and the League of Free Peoples, which had grown up along the Ro de la Plata and its tributaries under the leadership of Jos Gervasio Artigas. It drains an area of some 1.2 million square miles (3.2 million square km), which includes northern Argentina, the whole of Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, most of Uruguay, and a large part of Brazil. This began European vogue into Argentina. Figure 1. In Argentina the principal river of this system is the Paran, formed by the confluence of the Paraguay and Alto Paran rivers. Argentina is a third world nation, which consists of countries on Asia, South America and Africa's continents. View more. French and Spanish Colonization of America: Although the English would be the dominate nation colonizing what would become the United States of America. The city of Buenos Aires was founded in 1536 as Ciudad de Nuestra Seora Santa Mara del Buen Ayre, but the settlement only lasted until 1642, when it was abandoned. It led European exploration of the new world, building the large Viceroyaties in the New World at the time. The Spanish conquistadors who made their mark on the country The May Revolution and Argentina's struggle for independence The immigrants who made Argentina their home and pushed its economy and society to new heights The world wars and how Argentina strove to stay neutral Juan Pern's time in office The "Dirty War" and the Falkland War European colonial periods. The largest river basin in the area is that of the ParaguayParanRo de la Plata system. The fighting was fierce, with both sides taking around 600 casualties, but the Spanish were quickly forced to surrender the city to the British invaders. He comes from South Africa and holds a BA from the University of Cape Town.