It was necessary for them -- it was necessary for them to do that to be on stage. By the turn of the twentieth-century, what form of popular theater became the most important medium for popularizing Tin Pan Alley songs? Contemporary banjos, with their metal strings, frets, and tension hoops, tone rings, etc., have come a long way since their ancestor instruments crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa, centuries ago. Which 1927 musical featured music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and was a new kind of musical show of unprecedented seriousness and depth? They first appeared in 1843. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? There are many instances in my childhood in which people sang Stephen Foster music. WebLego 41027 - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. Ken Emerson: After a performance by Dan Emmett at the Bowery Amphitheatre Circus, the New York Herald wrote, "Emmit's [sic] banjo playing is fully equal to Jo [sic] Sweeney's, and far ahead of any other now in the United States. Thomas Hampson: Which film released in 1927 became the first to exploit sound successfully? Susanna," "Old Folks at Home," "My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night," "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair," and "Beautiful Dreamer. The minstrel show is also the https://quizlet.com/160626533/music-162-chapter-2-flash-cards These would be created much later, with the first patent being awarded to the aforementioned Henry C. Dobson in 1878. WebWhich of the following became the conductor of the U.S. Marine Band? Mel Watkins: the Which artist established the myth of the outcast (i.e., the resourceful, lone wanderer) in songs, like "Waiting for a Train," that has proven to be a potent force in country music up to the present time? It was even -- foreign. On stage you had white performers saying, "Okay, we accept this type of music, we accept the antic performers," and even though it was done in a ridiculing manner, there was some acceptance -- at least on stage. We put on masks at Halloween, and it gives us a kind of anonymity to go and to do things and to say things that we normally wouldn't. Thus, parlor banjo was born, named after the private parlors of more well-to-do individuals and organizations in which it was performed. Although early minstrelsy relied on existing American and British genres, by the 1820s the American minstrel show had developed a distinctive national character. In fact, one group was called "The Real Nigs." Before the 1830s, when blackface minstrelsy begins formally, African Americans, people whom we today would call African Americans, have been involved in local entertainment. And so the conflict that minstrelsy is playing out is between America as a common-class culture or America as a middle-class culture. And it goes all the way back to blackface and minstrelsy before the Civil War. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Rather, it's more and more standardized, it's more and more routinized. And they felt that they had a right to have someone do the dance again if they particularly liked it or the song. What's the connection between blackface minstrelsy and rock and roll? Theatrical productions, concerts, dances, exhibitions, including Barnum-style "museums" all drew large audiences. It's a way for people to negotiate or to think about or to find humor in an extremely problematic aspect of American society, which they are arguing about in their politics and in government and in other ways. "Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five-String Banjo". "[3] In fact, there is no proof that Sweeney introduced either innovation. Which White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? In probably the summer of 1830, Thomas Dartmouth Rice, who was called "Daddy" Rice, a sort of minor character actor out of New York City, was in Louisville, Kentucky. The term minstrel banjo' is often used when referring to the combination of these three trends in American musical history. They found Emmett in Bolton and talked him into joining, although Sweeney would be the troupe leader. People are having great fun, entertainment. In 1831 there's the Nat Turner rebellion. Which song recorded by the Paul Whiteman Band sold 2 million copies and featured the Swanee whistle (slide whistle), a novelty that helped sell the record? From the Tracy W. McGregor Library of American History. Dieser Artikel wurde entwickelt, um den Bedrfnissen unserer Kunden entsprechend zu werden und bietet eine Vielzahl von neuen Funktionen. Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? The large opposition is a rising American middle-class that wants to cast what it is to be American in a middle-class image. At first, minstrel banjos were played almost exclusively in the stroke style. To that extent, it affected all of society because those people who didn't know blacks, and there were many places where there were very few blacks, assumed that those characterizations, those depictions, those foolish characters on stage, were real black people. Which of the following contributed to the decline of the big bands in the mid to late 1940s? Each play relied on stock humor and clichs. FDLP This library is a Congressionally designated depository for U.S. Government documents. Which of the Why does Brutus oppose it. Which White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? James Bland, composer of "Carry Me Back to Old Virginia," and Sam Lucas became known as the leading performers of African-American minstrel shows and eventually branched into other forms of musical theater. Stephen Foster was deeply attracted to this kind of ambience of the minstrel show. It came from the images portrayed in minstrelsy. He embraced both genteel traditions He embraced both genteel traditions and less highly regarded but popular traditions such as minstrelsy. It presented the black character as being stupid, as being comical, as being basically a frivolous character. Our standard tuning in G, which runs gDGBD, is at a far higher pitch compared to the standard D tuning on minstrel banjos, which runs dGDF#A. If you are a working-class American in New York City at the time, you're feeling yourself squeezed politically, economically and socially from the top, but also to some extent from the bottom. WebAll we Ever Wanted Anthology, Which White Banjo Virtuoso Lead The Virginia Minstrels?, Halloween Peeps 2020, hisztria kezelse, Holly Dolly Christmas Vinyl arany, elad hzak a Knockmore Ballinban, Co Mayo, Sace Durban kapcsolattart szma, Sace oktat Bejelentkezs, This was an ensemble finale in which members of the troupe in various combinations participated in song, instrumental and choral music and dance. Gradually, they would change it, they would make modifications. For everyone to kind of be collecting in a rowdy way, right in front of the footlights, be spitting tobacco on the floor in the theater. Music Corporation of America rose to become the dominant booking agency for big dance bands in the 1930s. The question of the moment was, what was America going to be? As a blackface performer, he introduced the "Jim Crow" character. // cutting the mustard Eric Lott: 2. So I learned many of these songs, usually with changed lyrics. [2] He has also been credited with adding the banjo's fifth string, which according to legend was for an instrument he created for his niece between 1831 and 1840. Ruthless: Monopoly's Secret History (espaol), Musical Movements: Impact, Influence and Issues. They had proper instruments playing proper music. [12], Sam Sweeney and his banjo playing came to the attention of the famed cavalry general J.E.B. Which of the following is true about the country blues? Dale Cockrell: All content is protected by copyright and may not be copied and/or used for any purpose without written consent. Minstrelsy is one of the hardest things to talk about because minstrelsy is all things to all people, and it's intentionally so. Recent article topics have included: Duke Ellington and early radio; John Cages HPSCHD; the WPA music copying project; defining the Easy Listening era; Milton Babbitt in academia; the soul roots of Bruce Springsteen; the benefit concerts of Jack Benny and Danny Kaye; and the boyhood of Henry Cowell. 5 0 obj That is part of it, but it's also done by people of African descent. var googletag = googletag || {}; Virginia Minstrels: A minstrel troupe led by the 6 0 obj He toured through Virginia in the early 1830s with his 5-string instrument, his face darkened with cork ash, performing tunes picked up from black musicians and embellishing them with comedic routines and speeches. Finger picking would soon overtake it as the dominant banjo style, although minstrel style remained popular and was preserved in the isolated Appalachian mountains and out West. Dale Cockrell: There were aesthetic components of this response as well as racial components, as well as class components of this response. Sweeney saw success, and by early 1843, he embarked on a European tour that included stops in London and Edinburgh. John Philip Sousa. Which productive, varied, and creative Tin Pan Alley composer was born in Temun, Russia, in 1888 and later immigrated to the United States as a result of the anti-Jewish pogrom in 1892? >> An ex-minstrel show performer from a middle-class background, Bland wrote some seven hundred songs, including "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" (published in 1878, for a long time the official state song of Virginia) and "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers" (published in 1879). These claims are part of an effort, beginning in the nineteenth century, to divorce the banjo from its African American origins. Who was the most influential songwriter of American popular song during the nineteenth century? Which of the following is true about the song "In the Mood"? For which of the following was Mario Bauza known? Stephen Foster's music today is deeply embarrassing for two reasons. Which of the following is true about the classic blues? Which group recorded the first jazz record in 1917? Daniel Emmett. Created a lengthy stage performance that featured a standard group of performersi.Mr. WebJoel Walker Sweeney (1810 October 29, 1860), also known as Joe Sweeney, was an American musician and early blackface minstrel performer. The issue of what to do about having slavery in the society is a key issue in the years in which blackface minstrelsy comes to be important. But I think that the rousing nature of the event -- I mean, this is a moment in theater history when it was typical and more or less sanctioned for men to rush the stage. And from the beginning of my interest in rock and roll, I was fascinated by the question of, "When did it first become cool for white teenagers to pretend they were black?" Which of the following was a well-known composer of plantation songs and the first successful black American songwriter? Which white banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? In that enslaved society, humor becomes a way in which people can define their class position. Led by white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett (18151904); created a lengthy stage performance that featured a standard group of performers a) Mr. By 1839, Sweeney was performing in various blackface venues in New York. } Which White actor invented the minstrel character Jim Crow?. They loved it. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F2.0 9 0 R WebWritten by Nick LaRocca Perf Original Dixieland Jazz Early Jazz Recording Was blackface minstrelsy only about caricaturing blacks? One of the most popular composers of the early Tin Pan Alley period; he wrote a series of sentimental and nostalgic songs including "The Letter That Never Came" (1885) and "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" (1899; later adopted as the official state song of Indiana). They say, "We'rewage slaves. The shows were influenced by the earlier work of performers like Sweeney. And he had the idea of dressing in shabby attire, which he may or may not have borrowed from an African American that he met in the streets of Louisville, and going on stage, and it was the kind of entr'acte between parts of a play, he got on stage and did this extraordinary andextravagant danceto this tune called "Jim Crow." It spoke to the problems of living in a multi-ethnic society, of living in the society that was a slave society at that time. "[10] For the next few years, he was the benchmark against whom other banjo players were compared. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Daniel Emmett Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? Songs of the Civil War. Center for American Music, U. of Pittsburgh, Sign up for the American Experience newsletter! A minstrel troupe led by the white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett; their show introduced more lengthy performances featuring a standardized group of performers. Frank Brower of the Virginia Minstrels met him there and joined Sweeney's act as a bones player. Which of the following is true about the tango? Unlike earlier blackface acts that featured solo singers or dancers, the Virginia Minstrels appeared as a group in blackface and what would become iconic costumes and performed more elaborate shows. In March 1843 they appeared in Welch's Olympic Circus as part of an equestrian act. [9] It's important to come to terms with Stephen Foster because we have to understand the racial complexity of American culture. It goes back before the turn of the century when immigrant songwriters such as George Gershwin and Irving Berlin fell in love with black culture. These long, gut strings produce a far deeper tone than the nickel and steel ones used on modern banjos and are ideal for sliding around on the smooth fingerboard. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? The 1870s saw a steep decline in the minstrel style of play. Finger picking would soon overtake it as the dominant banjo style, although minstrel style remained popular and was preserved in the isolated Appalachian mountains and out West. Get the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history. Dale Cockrell: Find out more about Edward P. Christy, Daniel Decatur Emmett,Jenny Lind andThomas Moore. Which country blues artist's guitar playing was so remarkable that stories circulated claiming he sold his soul to the devil? It was the way the world was. [7] According to Billy Whitlock of the Virginia Minstrels, Sweeney gave Whitlock a few banjo lessons around this time. Which of the following stanzas uses the structure most closely associated with the twelve-bar blues? Copyright 2010 Center for American Music. Stuart had Sweeney attached to his staff, which became one of Stuart's best-known personal quirks. endobj Pero detrs del mito de su creacin hay una historia sin contar sobre un robo, una obsesin y un doble juego corporativo. But at the same time, there's an embrace of that culture that's happening on the stage at the same time. That's when you get the semi-circle with the traditional minstrel set-up, with these two characters being outrageous, who fidgeted all the time, who were saying the most inane things that could possibly be said. On the other hand, they feel like they've been reduced to slavery and so that they are not all that different from slaves on the plantation and there is a kind of, I think, a kind of felt identification of, based on oppression, given these two labor systems: a really kind of booming capitalist industrialism in the North and a slave economy, plantation economy in the South. Which of the following is true about Al Jolson's 1921 recording of "April Showers"? The fact that we can see it from both sides and have to see it from both sides is infinitely more important in a questioning process than the right answer. Dale Cockrell: What's fascinating about minstrelsy is really just how strange it is, how weird it is at bottom. African American music in Stephen Foster's time, Uncle Tom's Cabin takes the nation by storm,Stephen Foster backs Pennsylvania Democrat JamesBuchanan and the Yale Glee Club nixes Foster. Style, manner. Scott Joplin's first successful piece was "Maple Leaf Rag" (1898). He wrote the first mega-hit popular song, "After the Ball" (published in 1892). **(a)** List two causes for the split in the Democratic party in the 1860 election, **(b)** List two effects of the election. Tin Pan Alley songs that have withstood the test of time have become known as: What Tin Pan Alley songwriter had success as a Broadway and Classical composer by combining elements of popular song, Jazz and classical music? At some point, Brower parted company to tour with Dan Emmett, though he rejoined Sweeney by spring of 1844. 4 0 obj Which artist called himself the "Father of the Blues," wrote hits such as "Memphis Blues" and "St. Louis Blues," and was the most influential of the classic blues composers? They spit upon the stage, they threw peanut shells on the stage, and the kind of jumpy quality that the music exemplified was right up their alley. Ken Emerson: It's not just done by whites to parody blacks. Walter Page (bass), Jo Jones (drums), and Freddie Green (guitar) formed the hard-swinging nucleus of which Kansas City-based big band? Now, how that impacted upon society itself was that they embraced it. As a blackface performer, he introduced the "Jim Crow" character. It was much cruder. WebWhen the Virginia Minstrels came along what they did was to develop other characters, and the characters they developed were much more over the edge than the character Rice had portrayed. Which record format released in 1949 by RCA Victor Corporation allowed a listener to load a stack of singles? Now its political charge varies enormously through the decades, but there are exemplars of the minstrel tradition all around us, both white, as well as black. % How can we understand our past, which created what we are today, without looking this in the eye -- and hearing it in the ear? Think of Creedence Clearwater Revival, four white boys from El Cerrito, California. Into the 1850s and 60s, minstrel shows kept on gaining popularity. Minstrelsy is much under-rated historically in terms of its influence on American society. They have longer, wider necks, and longer scale lengths, to accommodate the lower tuning these instruments are played in. started first professional american marching band (popular after the civil war), first black orchestra leader to record for a major record label. PBS American Experience page on minstrelsy, University of Virginia site on minstrelsy. Born to a farming family in Appomattox County, Virginia, he claimed to have learned to play the banjo from local enslaved Africans. It's kind of like in the 1950s if you were a middle class guy and you saw Elvis, you knew that Elvis was shaking his hips in ways that weren't typically countenanced for white middle class boys, and that's why all the citizens' councils in the South called Elvis "nigger music" and were terribly afraid that Elvis, white as he was, being ambiguously raced just by being working-class, was going to corrupt the youth of America. Columbia, 1991. It's actually getting inside the persons of slaves and free blacks in the North, and there are whole sets of complications and contradictions that arise from that simple fact. WebJust as Sweeney began introducing the banjo to England, a group of musicians in New York City was creating the minstrel show as a full-scale entertainment. Al Jolson billed himself as "The World's Greatest Entertainer". The act itself gradually grew in complexity, developing a unique three part structure and cast of recognizable characters. WebLed by a white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett (1815-1904), created lengthy stage performance that featured a standardized group of performers: Mr.Interlocutor- lead Which of the following is true about African American ballads of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads from the African-American culture.The blues form is ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll, and is characterized by A twelve-bar structure made up of three phrases of four bars each. By the 1850s, however,black elements had been reduced and moved to the concluding section of a three part show. I think that as an industrial order arises and then clamps down in the 1830s and 1840s in America, it is not countenanced anymore that when you're in the shop, one person reads to the other workers from the newspaper while they work. It's done in ways in which people say, "This is authentic. What is the term for a repeated musical pattern designed to generate rhythmic momentum? Perhaps the most prolific songwriter of the Tin Pan Alley era, and the composer who wrote the song "Blue Skies" for "The Jazz Singer," was: Tin Pan Alley songs usually began with a slow introduction, followed by a refrain, which was most often in what form? They did not deal directly with the troubling issues of the 1920s and 1930s: racism, massive unemployment, and the rise of fascism in Central and Eastern Europe. Joel Walker Sweeney - the first white, professional banjo performer - is often credited with adding the low fourth string around this time. These are the authentic slave songs, these are the authentic slaves' tunes." "[11] "Jenny Get Your Hoe Cake Done" and "Knock a Nigger Down" became two of Sweeney's signature tunes. But behind the myth of the games creation is an untold tale of theft, obsession and corporate double-dealing. Foster is no less ambiguous. Dancing was done in the theater, people called for their favorites and booed things they didn't want to hear. And most of that came from minstrelsy. In 1845, Joel, Sam, and Dick formed the minstrel troupe "Old Joe's Minstrels". WebThe Virginia Minstrels had 2 Banjo players, Dan Emmett and Billy Whitlock, a pupil of Sweeney. Classically trained guitarists seeking to impart greater respectability on the instrument (considered to be low-brow by the upper echelons of society) imported their own finger picking style. They were trying to exaggerate and make [something] exotic. I think we're losing something in not repeating his lyrics or in adapting them, changing them to make them more politically correct, because he was trying to blend some things and create an awareness that we need to remember. It becomes the first kind of a national theater or national entertainment that people began to see outside of their local setting. Elk's Lodge, Charlottesville, February 2 and 3, 1925. Which Spanish-born violinist, film star, and bandleader was known as the "Rhumba King" and did the most to popularize Latin music during the swing era? African musicians played the banjo and its ancestor instruments in this way, from whom the pioneer Joel Sweeney learned to play in turn. His earliest documented use of the banjo on stage was in April 1839. The publisher of Songs originally presented this copy to Napoleon W. Gould, a British musician who played in Emmett's minstrel troupe. About the country blues as minstrelsy developed a distinctive national character by copyright and may not copied... Tour with Dan Emmett and Billy Whitlock of the minstrel troupe February 2 and 3, 1925 `` April ''! Stage was in April 1839 their class position more about Edward P. Christy, daniel Decatur Emmett, he... And it 's intentionally so from its African American origins [ 12 ] Sam... Four white boys from El Cerrito, California how weird it is at bottom favorites booed! 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