Air pollution in Mexico City reached its peak in the 80s and 90s, as, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and airborne particles, all five major air pollutants were at their record level respectively. Mexico City, Guadalajara and Ciudad Juarez are the most polluted, with Mexico City's air quality being among the worst in the world. ProAire is now into ProAire IV, which addresses eight themes: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 201-300. The pollution rate is far above the standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean city population is 579,310. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The NOM defines that the maximum allowable limit is 0.210 ppm as an hourly average. Throughout the year, the city had an. On 16 May 2019, The government of Mexico City declared an extraordinary atmospheric environmental contingency, which indicates that the level of harmful particles in the air has exceeded the accepted standards (160 ppm for PM2.5). A further 40 per cent could not identify any of the government programs to improve air quality. In addition, the stations have a meteorological tower, equipped with sensors that measure the ambient temperature, wind speed and direction, precipitation, solar radiation, relative humidity and barometric pressure. The Gulf of Mexico has accumulated waste from oil drilling and farmland pollution brought down the Mississippi River. Environment Program, Mexico City has cut at least half of its pollutants (O'Connor, "Mexico City drastically reduced air pollutants since 1990s"). "Cities with The Highest Air Particulate Matter Concentration in Mexico in 2021 (Pm2.5 per Cubic Meter). The PM2.5 levels were recorded in recent years and the average figure for 2019 was 20.5 g/m. Indoor air pollution in Mexico City is as dangerous as outdoor pollution, because the air pollutants come inside the houses or buildings through doors, windows and ventilation. 51-100. Ground-level ozone is formed through the interaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun will accelerate the reaction. In 2015, 37% of the total days showed poor air quality due to O3, 2016 brought a small improvement to 35% of the days. Aguascalientes. Perth, Australia (1.61 g/m3) 3. Though its concentration of airborne particles (PM 2.5) still currently exceeds the guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO), yet the colossal improvement is undoubtable. Other factors include the proliferation of vehicles, rapid industrial growth, and the population boom. Questionnaires were completed by 4,000 residents in a cross-section of as diversified a group as possible. To comply with the standard, the established limit must not be exceeded more than once a year. Learn about the 12 Best Places to Live in Mexico in 2022 according to people already living there. Today, the population of Greater Mexico City is estimated to be about 22 million, but the severity of air pollution in Mexico City has been significantly diminished, dropping from the most polluted city to 917th. Removes 99.97% of viruses, PM2.5, bacteria, smoke, bad odors, formaldehyde, and more. I haven't seen street sweepers but residents do what most Mexicans do: keep after your own w/o others having to do it. Thinking about retiring to Mexico. Schools were closed for two days and it was recommended by the authorities that citizens stayed home until the levels decreased. The government has several plans to try to reduce the emission levels, but they require citizen participation, which is not always forthcoming. Presently the AGS Group has over 141 locations in more than 95 countries and has one of the largest networks in the international removals industry. 30 per cent of the residents thought the governments policy regarding air pollution was self-serving, whilst another 30 per cent believed the results to be false. A total of 8 system monitors, located all around Mexico City measure the levels for the 6 main pollutants that are found in the atmosphere of the city. PM2.5 air pollution in Meridais causing an estimated deaths of lives since January 1, 2021. (Source: Greenpeace), Explore an insightful air pollution data for last 24 hrs, 7 days & 1 month. However, this NOM has not been updated since 1993 and the World Health Organization recommends as a guide that the limit of the hourly average for NO2: be set to 0.106 ppm. 0 is assigned to vehicles that meet the requirements, while 1 and 2 are assigned to underperforming vehicles. Real-time data may contain errors and is subject to revision. When considering air pollution in terms of levels of PM 2.5, the metropolitan areas of Toluca (State of Mexico) is the least polluted metropolitan areas in Mexico, and is the only Mexican metropolitan area which is not in the 20% most polluted OED metropolitan areas. It was found that 23.8% of respondents modified their behavior based on perceived poor air quality and were familiar with the index, and only 11.2% of respondents modified their behavior and were unfamiliar with this tool. However, in all stations the concentrations of this pollutant as a daily average are above the guideline value recommended by the World Health Organization, which is 0.008 ppm. Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. Citizens require clean transportation systems and healthy streets, where girls and boys have the opportunity to enjoy public space and be active, without running the risk of suffering permanent consequences to their health. Regarding particles smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5), of 48 stations that presented valid information, only 1 complied with the standard. Major Air Pollutants in Nezahualcoyotl. 10 years ago Save Hi. What is considered a national problem and what is considered a local problem? Here is an excellent primer on what you'll need to do regardless of the amount of time you plan to spend in Mexico. In Mexico City's atmosphere, the pollutants are found as primary and secondary pollutants. Regarding the distribution of air quality by NO2, monitoring stations dominated the days with good air quality in Mexico City between 2015 and 2017. To see the full cities of Mexico go to Metropolitan areas of Mexico. In efforts to reduce the pollution, in 1989 the Mexican Government introduced "No-Drive Days", or Hoy No Circula, which prohibited drivers using their vehicles on one weekday per week, and in 2008 this was changed to include Saturdays. The above rankings of the 2023 least polluted cities in the world were ranked based on their average PM2.5pollution levels from the 12 months prior to the publication date. Another underlying challenge is the attitude of the Mexican federal government. "They are not taking it seriously enough, they have simply kept things as they go and we do not see a substantial advance in all the measures that have been proposed to improve air quality", says the researcher at the Science Center of the Atmosphere, Ricardo Torres. Real-time PM2.5, PM10 air pollution level Ciudad De Mexico. It is the cleanest area of Mexico I have seen (Also includes most other Latin countries I have been in). The highest level recorded was in May when the figure jumped to 34 g/m. Ground-level ozone is formed through the interaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun will accelerate the reaction. Although this number might not seem particularly high, these cars were made in poor quality and ran on very toxic fuel. Below is a pollution heat map from the WHO. Likewise, it is imperative to update and expand environmental health standards to harmonise with the health protection limits established by the World Health Organisation (WHO), to include sectors that are not adequately regulated and are responsible for the most pollutants, such as transportation (Comprehensive Mobility Plan) and industry abide by limits that protect health and seek alternatives to operate, as well as forcing cities to strengthen their programs to improve air quality. This targeted Boosting helps us to reach wider audiences aiming to convince the unconvinced, to inform the uninformed, to enlighten the dogmatic. Today, a quarter of a century later, the city has cleaned up its act at least somewhat. Keep current with the latest independent climate science and analysis. Mexico City contains all of the federal entity's area, including rural areas with relatively small populations. It has coastlines on the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. On top of the fact that the topography of Mexico City did not favour its industrialisation, as it is located in a basin where air pollutants tend to be trapped. The results were often surprising. Chart. Carbon monoxide (CO): NOM establishes that the maximum permissible limit for CO is 11 ppm as a moving average of 8 hours. Although there is no concrete data on air pollution-related deaths in the 80s and 90s, air quality in Mexico City at that time was described as just as severe as Indias today where. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends 15 g/m as the threshold concentration of PM2.5 for 24 hrs mean. This was partly due to Mexico City's high altitude (7382 ft above sea level), which causes its oxygen levels to be 25% lower. It can also shorten life expectancy. I personally don't like the dead lake and the altitude makes it too cold for us. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1029122/mexico-air-pollution-city/, Cities with the highest air particulate matter concentration in Mexico in 2021, GDP of the health industry in Mexico 2010-2020, Health GDP distribution in Mexico 2020, by segment, Health expenditure GDP share forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Healthcare spending per capita forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Hospital discharges in Mexico 2020, by diagnosis, Share of physically active Mexican adults 2013-2022, Smoking prevalence forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Cities with highest air pollution in Mexico 2021, Per capita alcohol consumption forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Overweight population share forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Hospital count forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Physician headcount forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Hospital bed count forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Hospital infrastructure in Mexico 2022, by type, Hospital equipment in use in Mexico 2022, by type, Share of population without access to health services in Mexico 2008-2020, Share of population without access to health services in Mexico 2020, by state, Reasons for not seeking medical help in Mexico 2020, Physician density forecast in Mexico 2013-2028, Brazil: cities with highest air pollution 2020, Cities with highest air pollution in Chile 2021, Mean annual PM2.5 air pollution levels in China 2010-2017, Air pollution level of PM2.5 New Zealand 2015 by source, Air pollution level of PM2.5 from energy activities New Zealand 2015 by source, Annual average PM2.5 levels in London 2016-2019, by zone and site type, Number of days with unhealthy air pollution in the U.S. 2000-2021, Number of air pollution days in rural and urban sites in the UK 2021, by pollutant, Respondents' satisfaction with the air quality in Jakarta Indonesia 2019, Number of NO2 pollution days in urban sites in the UK 2010-2021, Rate of age standardized deaths due to PM2.5 pollution in India 1990-2017, Number of ozone pollution days in rural and urban sites in the UK 2010-2021, Quality of environment rating in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016, by region, Deaths from particle pollution (PM2.5) in Poland 2011-2019, Deaths from particle pollution (PM2.5) in Slovenia 2011-2018, Ways to improve in house air quality according to French 2019, Breaches of air-related environmental law by European Union Member States 2007-2015, Concentration of nitrogen dioxide in Bengaluru India 2012-2018, Concentration of nitrogen dioxide in Hyderabad India 2012-2020, Concentration of nitrogen dioxide in Ahmedabad India 2012-2018, Cities with the highest air particulate matter concentration in Mexico in 2021 (PM2.5 per cubic meter), Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, ambient particulate matter pollution in Mexico, deaths in Mexico were attributable to air pollution exposure. You should wear a good N95 mask when you go outdoor in Mexico City until the AQI is improving upto moderate range. Today, the population of Greater Mexico City is estimated to be about 22 million, but the severity of air pollution in Mexico City has been significantly diminished, dropping from the most polluted city to 917th. In 1992, Mexico City was labelled by the United Nations as the worlds most polluted city. April 1, 2022. Despite this Moderate position, in 2019 it was ranked as the 48th dirtiest city out of a total of 98. These air pollutants are mostly generated from human activities such as burning fossil fuels in power plants and vehicle emissions. Get focused newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest. Current environmental policies launched by local governments do not have the financial and political backing from the federal government. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. 101-200. In 2005, a survey was administered by members of the BMC Public Health with the purpose of finding out the levels of awareness from the general population in Mexico City about air pollution and its consequences. and were found dead because of air pollutions toxicity. The winters are the worst-hit season in terms of air pollution. For now, Mexico City can only rely on policies like the ACEP, the activation of which in the spring season has become a new normal due to seasonal high levels of air pollution from climate change. In 2017 the reading was 20.4 g/m followed by 19.7 g/m in 2018. The research concluded that the reduction of PM10 would yield the greatest health and financial benefits. In Mexico City, the annual concentration of PM10 has been above the limit for the last 10 years .The highest concentration occurred in November 2019, when the PM10 levels were found to be over 110 g/m3. Mike. All numbers are PM2.5 concentrations in g/m3. So how did that happen? Air pollution is one of the leading causes of death around the world. Many factors have contributed to this situation: industrial growth, a sharp increase in the population level (from three million in 1950 to over 120 million today), and the proliferation of vehicles. Expats offer advice on these and other topics. If you are a resident of another country or region, please select the appropriate version of Tripadvisor for your country or region in the drop-down menu. Throughout 2019, Mexico City's registered air quality was between 12.1 and 35.4 g/m. We promise, no spam! In 1992, the United Nations named Mexico City "the most polluted city on the planet" and "the most dangerous city for children" six years later. Report inappropriate content 1-7 of 7 replies Sorted by 1 DMHAustin Erongaricuaro. Yes, Ajijic is very clean and tidy. City averages are based on regionally interpolated real-time monitoring station data. What is one of the greatest sources of pollution in Mexico City? The real-time air quality in Mexico City is 65 (MODERATE) AQI now. Yet, the effectiveness of such a policy has been questioned because, with the exception of the first few months, air pollution. Over the past two decades, ozone levels gradually fell below government limits as authorities moved factories out of the capital and tightened regulations on fuel and cars. More recently there has been an expansion of public transportation. In 1980, there were 124 cars and light-duty trucks per 1000 residents. The demographic information recorded by respondents in terms of gender and age distribution mirrors that of publicly available Mexico City census data. Zrich, Switzerland once again ranked as the least polluted city in the world. I definitely agree with Ajijic. According to Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), a locality is "any place settled with one or more dwellings, which may or may not be inhabited, and which is known by a name given by law or tradition". Finally, 26.2% of respondents modified their behavior in response to an air quality report at least once over the course of 1 year.[11]. The measured pollutants are: O3, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2. For the Top 100 cities, the following distributions hold as of the 2020 Census. Ive created an R package to download air quality data from the website of the Sistema Nacional de Informacin de la Calidad del Aire and published it to CRAN. Air pollution in Mexico City reached its peak in the 80s and 90s, as ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and airborne particles, all five major air pollutants were at their record level respectively. Good. Generally, the air quality at Mexico City starts deteriorating in late October. If we add to this that the city is at a considerable height, it also explains why historically it has been a place where pollution is trapped. Severe. We're hard at work. The poor air quality that prevails in the country kills 17,000 people every year, 1,680 of these deaths correspond to children under 5 years of age. 1. Thanks, in advance. In order for a car to move through the CDMX, it needs to go through a verification process first, which, depending on the number of pollutants it issues, will be allowed to transit on certain days of the week. At times during the past two years, ozone concentration levels in the city reached such extreme levels that officials issued environmental risk alerts, urging people to stay indoors.[9]. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information Yes, Ajijic is very clean and tidy. It was decided that most people do not consult official figures before making a decision. Keep track of the most polluted cities in the world with our air quality index (AQI) ranking. A National Report on Air Quality was conducted in 2017 and the results were alarming. The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Aside from air pollution, the Mexico City Metropolitan Area has an ideal climate: a cool dry season from November to February, followed by a warm dry season until April and a rainy season from May to October. Poor. Environmental News, Data Analysis, Research & Policy Solutions. "Cities with the highest air particulate matter concentration in Mexico in 2021 (PM2.5 per cubic meter)." To install it you have to type the following: you can also install the development version by typing: The Instituto Nacional de Ecologa y Cambio Climtico (INECC) created the SINAICA website to gather the information generated by the more than a hundred air quality monitoring stations located throughout Mexico. To report the quality of the air, the IMECA uses 5 index categories: PM10: According to the NOM, the annual limit for PM10 was 50 g/m3 before 2014 and 40 g/m3 from 2015 to present day. It contains several concrete measures to achieve sustainable development in eight areas: reduction of energy consumption, cleaner and more efficient energy across all sectors, promotion of public transport and regulation of fuel consumption, technology shift and emissions control, environmental education and sustainability, culture and citizen participation, green areas and reforestation, institutional capacity building and scientific research, as well as strengthening of health protection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Mexico City's air averages 179 mg per cubic meter of suspended particulates, well above the WHO 90 mg maximum recommendation. Historic Air Quality Graph of Mexico City. Agricultural and sewage-plant runoff has also triggered algae blooms that. If you're moving to Mexico or an expat living in Mexico, understanding the Mexican healthcare system is essential. If you plan to move to Mexico, you'll need to understand the process involved and the order in which requirements need to satisfied. Least polluted in Mexico. You've got mail--upper right of this screen. When used in simple cooking stoves, these fuels emit substantial amounts of toxic pollutants. Moderate. Instead of using public transportation, evidence from sales of automobiles indicated that people would simply buy another car to drive on restricted days. Recognising Hoy No Circula was not an effective long-term strategy to fight air pollution, the citys government launched an extensive programme in 1995, named ProAire. Recognising Hoy No Circula was not an effective long-term strategy to fight air pollution, the citys government launched an extensive programme in 1995, named. To comply with the standard, the established limit must not be exceeded more than once a year. Indicators for each pollutant allow to assess the state of air quality, with respect to specific pollution events. Subscribe for data set announcements and updates, Berkeley Earth's Global Temperature Report for 2022. I saw reading sewage in Hutalco does not make it into the ocean (where it has known to in Puerto Vallarta, Zihua and probably many other coastal cities). was once again reactivated after being irrelevant for more than a decade. The smog in Mexico City is made worse by the geographical location. 301-400. In 2019, one of the more unusual causes of pollution was brought on by wildfires. Mexico City was once named as the worlds most polluted city in the world, but according to IQAir, a Swiss company which keeps track of the air quality of cities around the globe, Mexico City has now dropped down to the 917th most polluted city in the world in 2021. Report inappropriate content 1-2 of 2 replies Sorted by 1 Pstreet1 Sun City West Level Contributor Once on the sanitation truck refuse bags are torn open and the contents sorted to plastic, aluminium, paper, garbage: it's amazing to watch. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 60m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. safe (AQI) 50. This was determined through a question asking if a responder, or anyone in their home, had been diagnosed with a respiratory illness such as asthma. Then, each vehicle is issued a verification according to their performance in the test. Looking back over previous years, it is not seen to change by a noticeable amount. As such, the government implemented a range of policies to combat air pollution in the countrys capital. The report covers 20 air quality monitoring systems (SMCA) in 18 states in the country, including 177 monitoring stations in 71 cities and metropolitan areas. Under these conditions, it is impossible to guarantee health to Mexicans. In 2016, the Mexican Atmospheric Environmental Contingency Plan (AECP) was once again reactivated after being irrelevant for more than a decade. The effects on the population due to air quality represent one of the most considerable pressures that the public health system maintains in the predicament. Least polluted. A smaller number blame vehicle exhaust, which is the source of 75 per cent of emissions. And had head that Baja Sur has less pollution. Aguascalientes. Unhealthy. [2] Urban localities are those with more than 2,500 residents, which can be designated as cities, villages or towns according to the laws of each state. The current state of health, the type of pollutant and the concentration level as well as the length of time exposed to it. I especially liked the residential areas because of that. Yet, the effectiveness of such a policy has been questioned because, with the exception of the first few months, air pollution did not decrease even after several years of implementation. The current PM2.5 concentration in Mexico City is 1 times above the recommended limit given by the WHO 24 hrs air quality guidelines value. Help other expats and newcomers by answering questions about the challenges and adventures of living in Mexico. In human terms that would equate to 33,287 fewer emergency room visits and 4,188 fewer hospital admissions for respiratory distress. It has cost the city's economy around US$3.3 billion so far this year. Moderate. The air-quality monitor system (IMECA) is the tool used by the Mexican Authorities to measure air quality. 2/8/2018 10:37 EST. [1] The median city in population growth is Ixtapaluca. Only cities with at least 250,000 residents are included, and then only if real-time air quality monitoring data is available. Privacy Policy, Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. The regulatory framework must be updated and the most polluting sectors must be forced to reduce their emissions to guarantee the population's right to a healthy environment and clean air. Statista. more, You seem to have JavaScript disabled. Poor quality of air in the capital and largest city of Mexico, Causes and consequences of major pollutants, Concentration of pollutants during the last decade, ndice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, IMECAndice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire, "Air Quality, Weather and Climate in Mexico City", "Problems of Mexico City: Warning to Third World", "The geography of car ownership in Mexico City: a joint model of households' residential location and car ownership decisions", "Vertical Gardens in Mexico a Symbol of Progress", "Efectos de la contaminacin atmosfrica en la salud y su importancia en la ciudad de Mxico", "Mexico City declares 3rd day of traffic cuts over high smog", "Why Mexico City's bad air can't be ignored or easily fixed", "Mexico City Tries New Tactics Against an Old Enemy: Smog", "Ciudad de Mxico anuncia la suspensin de clases dos das consecutivos por la contaminacin", "Assessing air quality index awareness and use in Mexico City", "Mexico City's ProAire programme Centre for Public Impact (CPI)", YouTube.com: "Global 3000: Mexico's War on Smog", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution_in_Mexico_City&oldid=1141653366, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 03:47. If people see the mountains, they say its a good day. 9 years ago Save Hi. Zrich, Switzerland (0.49 g/m3) 2. Take off your rose-colored glasses and learn what expats have to say about the biggest challenges and the greatest rewards of living in Mexico. All of the map links are of the same scale. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. City averages are based on regionally interpolated real-time monitoring station data. IMECA is the index used to display the level of pollution and the level of risk that represents to the human health in the greater Mexico City as well as the time of the measurements or the actions recommended for protection. These measures are still valid whenever air pollution breaches the acceptable limit. In AprilMay 2016, ozone and suspended matter pollution in Mexico City reached levels that were detrimental to health, though the criterion to signal a pollution alert was lower in 2016 than in the 1980s. To gauge this application of IMECA knowledge among respondents, the number of days modified, defined as avoiding exercise or strenuous activity outdoors in response to poor air quality over a 12-month period, was assessed. Hi. Urban localities are those with more . Individual neighborhoods and/or monitoring sites in the city may have somewhat more or less pollution. The air-quality monitor system ( IMECA) is the tool used by the Mexican Authorities to measure air quality. After a few hours, the same government would announce another "environmental contingency" for Ozone, so it would be necessary to reduce the number of vehicles circulating in the city. The actual risk and adverse effects depend on many variants. Real estate listings in popular cities and towns in Mexico. Congratulations and better luck next year! In addition, it would lead to 266 fewer infant deaths a year. Love that. Most sanitary? Beyond participant demographic information, it was found that 15.5% of respondents either had a respiratory illness or a family member with a respiratory illness living in their household. Is it safe to live in Mexico? i used to spend hours just wading in the water! Find out more about contributors and data sources, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico (INECC), Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenamiento Territorial, Secretara de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Territorial de Jalisco, Imperial County Air Pollution Control District (ICAPCD), Imperial County Department of Toxic Substance and Comite Civico del Valle. Only one state (Tlaxcala) has no cities in the Top 100. Smart Air analyzed 2022 air pollution data from 533 major cities spanning 88 countries in the world to create the 2023 ranking of the 25 Least Polluted Cities in the World. Top 5 Least Polluted Cities in the World (2022 Rankings) Subscribe to Smart Air on YouTube Read on for the full list of 25 cities with the best air quality in the world and an analysis of what this data means. Report on air quality monitoring data is available a cross-section of as diversified a group as.... The NOM defines that the maximum allowable limit is 0.210 ppm as an average... As favorites require citizen participation, which is the tool used by Authorities! 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: get quick analyses with air! By 4,000 residents least polluted cities in mexico a cross-section of as diversified a group as possible this targeted Boosting helps us reach... A local problem political backing from the WHO these cars were made in poor quality and ran very. Pollution poses little or no risk the residential areas because of that concentration of PM2.5 for 24 hrs air.. Level as well as the length of time exposed to it has plans. 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