In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. [2][3][4][5] However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Experts say it is time . Go next. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. 1. Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. I saw this compass jellyfish at the safety stop at five metres after completion of the dive. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. Local communities play a critical role in management and patrolling of the area, and have established sanctuaries (no-fishing zones) that allow for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and corals. The visibility was less than five metres, and it was a disappointing dive. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. The East Coast of South Africa is vast. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. Please click on this logo for more information. All of the states produced pottery. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . [70] In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. This includes some of the biggest animals in the sea: whale sharks, giant manta rays, humpback whales, dolphins, tiger sharks, and all the colors and wonder of tropical fish and coral reefs. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. Chami, F. A. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Washington, DC 20037. One area of work focuses on tuna, as we seek to help fisheries achieve certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations, The chieftainships of the southern savanna, https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. In the East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . For example, we work with farmers to adopt drought resistant crops and conserve natural resources in the face of water shortages. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. We measure sea temperature daily in 73 countries or regions, including: Azores, South Africa, England, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Bermuda and Brazil . On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. Omissions? [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. Best Answer. In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . It is narrow, swift and strong. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. 110. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. Roland Oliver, et al. At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. From the 1840s, cameras traced the international migrations of traders, sailors, sons, and daughters through Indian Ocean ports, continuing trade that dates back over five millennia. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. [48] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. On the east coast of Africaat the western edge of the Indian Oceanlies a narrow strip of land that has hosted travelers for thousands of years. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. Pop. Updates? (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. Within minutes, the blindingly bright white flats had been obscured by the downpour, and I lost the shark in the rain. Sunday 6 October 2002. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. Visit Africa's Gold Coast on the Atlantic Ocean, including Ghana and Senegal, and make a stop at the tropical Cape Verde islands. The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 BCE. But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. Rising demand and weak enforcement have led to a higher incidence of elephant poaching and increasing ivory markets. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? This also leaves more habitat for wildlife and keeps farms close to home. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. The kingdom of kush was an empire situated in the Nile Valley from 1070 bc to 550 AD,The kingdom would ultimatly This warm current is also pushed westward by the cold Canary current. To the west, Africa has its longest coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. Click the image for a larger view. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . From the base, several columns stretched up high into the water column. Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. Miller, J. Innes. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. This . The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. (2009 est.) With $1.9 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility, an African Nature-Based Tourism Collaborative Platform is being developed to connect funders to communities and small and medium enterprises involved in nature-based tourism in eastern and southern Africaand who are most affected by the loss of revenue due to Covid-19. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. However, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d'tat in 1982 and the 2007 election riots. The East African Islands are in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. Overfishingfor local consumption and export to commercial marketsposes a major threat to the region. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. No settlements from this period have been found. Moreover, at Zanzibar an extant Kfic inscription (the only one) recording the construction of a mosque by Sheikh al-Sayyid Ab Imrn Ms ibn al-asan ibn Muammad in 1107 confirms that by this time substantial Muslim settlements had been established. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. Each year, tons of flip. In the Western Indian Ocean, WWF works to transform the way fisheries are managed in order to achieve sustainability. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. Oxford: University Press. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . Fig. There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. KEN MORIYASU, Nikkei Asia chief desk editor June 30, 2021 03:53 JST. The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. Sailors and Daughters reveals the expansive maritime societies of Zanzibar, the east African coast, and beyond. The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Stay safe. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. 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