Architectures C. 2003 International Building Code B. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. be of great help. Have it approved or signed by your supply officer or immediate supervisor. Besides, increasing the width of concrete blocks did not have a significant effect on the shear strength nor in the initial tangential stiffness, but it generated a softer post-peak strength degradation. Appropriate tools are adopted in masonry to suit the kind of work involved. I. The mechanical couplinggiven by the frictional forcesbetween the straps and the CFRP strips on the two faces of the masonry wall gives rise to an I-beam behavior that forces the CFRP strips to resist the load as if they were the two flanges of the same I-beam. This Larger stones are used as quoins. Informational Resources on masonry Standards & Documents (16) Journal Articles (195) Practice oriented papers and articles (195) Education Publications (2) A. Country uses? Based on the anticipated service life of sealants, deteriorated sealants need to be replaced by new ones. a material called mortar? To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following: Read the Learning Outcome/s and Performance Standards. The results presented are of immense value to conservators as they provide essential guidance on the most appropriate repair approach. Masonry is a highly durable and fire resistant material, however it can be sensitive to mortar and workmanship quality. Apart from the structural design of foundations, the type of foundation building materials you choose is an important decision to make. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Results show that for some of the stones, such as Clunch and Bath Stone, the positive effect of the treatment with nanolime is noticeable after 4 years since application. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). The main factor behind sealant deterioration is due to sealant exposure to ozone and ultraviolet light. In architecture, a structural framework of wood or metal based on a triangular system, used to span, reinforce, or support walls, ceilings, piers, or beams. The strength of the brickwork and joints (mortar) was examined experimentally in the laboratory and on the viaduct. Engineers D. 2003 International Baptist Code MASONRY K to 12 Technology and Livelihood Education. Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. Figure-12 illustrates the application of sealants in the masonry wall joint, and Figure-13 shows sealants before and after the masonry wall expansion. The use of both "traditional" and new materials could contribute to repair and reinforce masonry structures with the aims of preserving, restoring, and improving their behavior under extreme conditions. Though Masonry is an old and out-of-date construction material, it is still common and popular . The primary and secondary carbon bonds that are formed in plastic packaging wastes can . A complete, accessible introduction to structural masonryfundamentals. Stone Masonry 02. Each Lesson has the following parts: Learning Outcomes Advantages of . Given that a significant fraction of buildings and architectural heritage in Europe's historical centers are masonry structures, the selection of proper diagnosis, technological surveys, non-destructive testing, and interpretations of crack and decay patterns is paramount for a risk assessment of possible damage. How Much Have You Learned? There are various types of connectors that are used to connect or secure two members or parts together. An experimental program was formulated to investigate the shear behavior of block masonry walls repaired with CFRP sheets. Authors may use MDPI's 4. The straps of both the previous. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity/Operation/Job Sheet Flashing is changeable and adaptive watertight material that may be manufactured from copper, stainless steel, plastic, plastic-coated aluminum, and rubberized asphalt. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. 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Which requires that quality of masonry materials should be of general standards? 1: Strength of Concrete. Any possible tremors can be caused by coal or copper mining. It was built in 1886 and, therefore, its historical character had to be included in the restoration project. Architectures b) Association of Phil. Some traditional materials, like solid brick (>10% of construction materials market) are still used, but autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) and cement-sand calcium-silicate (Ca-Si) elements with thin joints are prevailing (>70% of the market) on the Polish market. Directions: Suppose you were told to improve the appearance of the rough concrete What is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the standards? Do not hesitate Adopting this These masonry constructions do not have a uniform thickness. AAC autoclaved block masonry entails a lightweight but surprisingly durable building material that is eco-friendly as it uses fly ash. Let us determine how much you already know about requesting appropriate The Gothic church incorporates most of the various forms for which . q = (2 u - 1) 1/2. Small spaces are filled with smaller stone pieces. Encircle the best answer from the choices given. Engineers c) 2003 International Building Code d) 2003 International Baptist Code 4) What material reinforces the structure of masonry materials? In particular, the experimental results show that the maximum load achievable with the second combined technique is much greater than the maximum load provided by the CFRP strips. The areas of Central and Eastern Europe and, thus, Poland are not exposed to the effects of seismic actions. Click here to review the details. (3b) A range of values of q factor for different systems of masonry construction is proposed in the recent draft of EC 8: for unreinforced masonry: q = 1.5 - 2.5, for confined masonry: q = 2.0 - 3.0, for reinforced masonry: q = 2.5 - 3.0. Evaluate the finished group project based on the performance assessment criteria A. borrowers slip C. requisition slip This gives the reinforced structural element a greater stiffness and delamination load. get. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Materials and tools received are handled with appropriate safety devices. A. Crandall C. patent hammer This study aims to investigate the application of finite element calculations to mixed structures of complex materials. Requests are done per companys Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). The size of the stone blocks must be in proportion with the thickness of the walls. In short, the bigger or larger these blocks are, the faster the masonry work. This paper presents numerical calculations for the masonry viaduct that were performed using two programs based on the finite element method. It was found that, although the control (non-defective) wall panels had a high ultimate load capacity, the use of CFRPs reduces the effects of construction defects and restores the lateral load capacity in non-defective walls. A. This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials". 3 C. 5 Republic of the Philippines LO2. As an example, we chose a vault designed by Eugne Viollet-le-Duc in 1850, at which time it was not possible to verify the complexities of the different materials working together in a single structure using these calculation methods. Gabion Masonry 06. The two main factors affecting the selection of mortar for masonry are: The two main classifications of Stone Masonry are: This is the stone masonry type where stones employed are either undressed or roughly dressed. Mortar B. cement D. CHB, Which has a formal appearance of bond pattern? Association of Phil. The results were analyzed in terms. monitoring of supplies, materials, tools, and performance and accomplishment of required Also, a covered passageway between two series of arches, or between a series of arches and a wall. A. rubble stone C. random ashlar B. combination ashlar D. none of the above 6. Masonry is the structural construction of component parts laid in and bound together by a material called mortar. The majority of buildings in Poland, as in most other European countries, are low, medium-high brick buildings. Therefore, two vertical CFRP strips tied by the steel ribbons behave like the flanges of an I-beam and the flexural strength of the ideal I-beam counteracts the out-of-plane displacements of the wall. Submit your personal assessment rating, group observations and tips about the In this paper we present for the first time the results over a 4-year period of various consolidation treatments carried out using nanolime on 6 of the most representative and significant stones used in historic buildings in the United Kingdom. Take this test. The faces work of the masonry stones is either rough tooled or hammer dressed stones. Break the joints as possible. B. Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? Republic of the Philippines Masonry materials 3. Protecting stone buildings from weathering and decay is a major challenge in the conservation of built heritage. Such stones chosen for various purposes have several varieties: Read Information Sheet 1 very well then find out how much you can Nanolime treatment of Ham Stone produced an unnoticeable effect on the continuous natural reduction of the drilling resistance of the specimen over time. These individual materials which are introducedin any structure for various purposes and patterns may be tile, brick, granite, limestone, glass and concrete block, stucco, marble, stone, and travertine. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel together. Most of the stone consolidants currently available are well suited to silicate stones, but are less compatible with limestone. How are they made attractive and structurally durable? What are the different types of handrails used in bridges? No special The stones used for masonry construction are natural rocks. Technology and Livelihood Education Architectural and Decorative Concrete. materials and tools. We've encountered a problem, please try again. from roof structures. joints with the adjacent stones. In fact, the delamination load is comparable to that of the specimens reinforced with the CFRP strips and the overall behavior is as ductile as for the specimens reinforced with the CAM system. Both epoxy and zinc coats protect steel bars in severe conditions and consequently increase the life span of the structure. What will (This article belongs to the Special Issue, This article presents an analysis of the load-carrying capacity of a historic masonry arch viaduct. Critical aspects to consider will be the green and sustainable properties of materials, their compatibility with pre-existing masonry material, their long-term behaviour, the effectiveness and the reversibility of the investigated strengthening methods. The stones are then arranged in such a way that it avoids vertical joints in the face work. Grades 7 and Grade 8. Durability of the brickwork is affected not only by the durability of individual materials, but also by the compatibility of materials, how the assembly is designed, how materials are installed and the conditions to which the masonry is exposed. Requisition Slip Use of masonry joint reinforcement and accessories is an essential part of this. Pros : AAC blocks are light in weight with a density of 600 - 700 kg/cum. Figure-3 demonstrates installed deformed steel reinforcement bars in the masonry wall. Economical. Answers: 2 question Baby girl mag on ka na plss mag on ka miss you na Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Hot-rolled deformed bars, which possess ribs on its surface to enhance bond strength, are employed in a masonry structure. This will ensure your mastery of basic information. When you join you get additional benefits. Based on the results, a slight increment in the lateral stiffness was achieved when employing stronger blocks, while the shear strength remained constant. In most cases, footings are concrete structures, although beds of compacted gravel or crushed stone can work as well. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. However, recent seismic events demonstrated that block masonry buildings may need to be repaired after earthquakes due to cracking. Grade 7 and Grade 8 This discussion includes 51 walls made of solid brick (CB) reinforced with steel bars and steel trusses and results from tests on 15 walls made of calcium-silicate (Ca-Si) and AAC masonry units reinforced with steel trusses and plastic meshes. What material reinforces the structure of masonry materials? Piece of board or at least 3/4 plywood their own form to suit their local need. This type of masonry includes pasting together materials to the outside of another structure, which provides the base for support. 2 D. 4, What happens when any of the slips lack the necessary data? shape and size. The life service of metallic flashing is considerably longer than plastic flashing that is prone to tearing. In this type, all the courses do not have same height. against the Answer Key. It is claimed that the ordinary life span of the majority of sealants, which are placed at the exterior face or walls is around seven-year. The simulation was performed using expanded polystyrene (EPS) in the, This paper investigated the impact of the changes of thermal conductivity of an expanded polystyrene insulation layer embedded in a typical residential building on the cooling effect at different temperatures and moisture contents. Their length varies from 15 to 30cm. Joint reinforcement is provided for a different reasons for example increase the size of a panel, increase the spacing between movement joints, and control differential movements. would you use? Wind, rheological effects, the impact of other objects, or a nonuniform substrate are the predominant types of loading included in the calculations for stiffening walls. Materials and tools are replaced appropriately at the expense of work quality Initially larger stones are laid first. Directions: Check the appropriate acceptability rating based on your honest personal There are three clasifications of bricks. How Do You Apply What You Learned? given below: Accomplish the slip with the required data. To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports that focus on the time-varying properties of viscosity and affinity of epoxy resins grouting material. However, the permeability will deteriorate over time because of the reaction of chemical grouting materials, which will greatly affect the results of grouting. request appropriate materials and tools; and B. Promptness of approval is at stake D. all of the above, II. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. 1. Migrants us. In coursed rubble masonry construction, the stones in a particular course are in equal heights. MASONRY K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 12 4. The purpose of this study is to improve the performance of walls under out-of-plane loads especially when subjected to the hammering action of the floors. Ensuring proper use of methods and materials allows mas onry walls to perform well and enjoy a long life. Protecting stone buildings from weathering and decay is a major challenge in the conservation of built heritage. A strip is provided as shown in the figure below. Construction defects are the main cause for cracking of block work masonry. Wood Nails A vapor barrier is a watertight membrane applied to prevent vapor or water penetration into masonry walls and consequently avoid interstitial condensation inside the air space of the drainage wall. A viable environmental strategy to lessen the amount of plastic waste involves the inclusion of plastic trash in building materials. to 10 mm. Concrete: Which Building Material is Better? Association of Phil. 4 D. none of the above, Which is NOT a roughing up tool? The elastic property of sealant including compressibility is equal to the ratio of minimum thickness to the original thickness. Direction: This part checks whether you have learned the required competencies for this Reinforced concrete has very good strength in tension as well as compression. Numerical results were validated by experimental tests and the effect of . The purpose of this study is to improve the performance of walls under out-of-plane loads especially when subjected to the hammering action of the floors. Which requires that quality of masonry materials should be of general standards? A main factor that influences the grouting quality is the permeability of grout. B. job order D. borrower and job slips, Normally, how many signatories are there in the Requisition Slip? A. brick C. glass block Thus, the composition of each element is crucial for its integration into the whole structure and its modeling and subsequent calculation. Materials A. The production of masonry units should It was built in 1886 and, therefore, its historical character had to be included in the restoration project. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Masonry is the structural construction of component parts laid in and bound together by Cement or lime with sand and water form the mix for masonry mortar. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Prepare a simple plan in setting up certain n masonry materials and tools on a piece However, the permeability will deteriorate over time because of the reaction of chemical grouting materials, which will. slip, while others have their own. Masonry is a composite material made of masonry units and mortar, which has been used for centuries. In this paper, we investigate the changing rules of viscosity and affinity with time by studying the viscosity, surface tension and contact angle of the epoxy grouting material. 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Moreover, we make a detailed discussion on the modeling of viscosity variation considering both time and temperature. (Gerard J. Tortora), Theories of Personality (Gregory J. Feist), Rubin's Pathology (Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Jay M. McDonald (M.D. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Do the required Learning Activities. Masonry in cement Mortar 02. Masonry construction is lacking skilled: Another misconception is that masonry contractors . LESSON 1 Prepare Construction Materials and Tools .. -, LESSON 2 - Practice Housekeeping Procedures 28 , LESSON 3 Observe Procedures, Specifications and Manuals of Instruction 65 -, LESSON 4 - Perform Mensurations and Calculations . -, LESSON 5 - Maintain Tools and Equipment .. -, Answer Keys .. -. We've encountered a problem, please try again. This work well interprets the structure-performance relationship of AgCuSe-based materials and sheds light on the future investigation of this class of promising TE materials. Masonry bond beams, lintels, and walls are examples in which steel reinforcement are applied to improve the tensile strength of the member whereas reinforcement bars are used in masonry column to increase its compression strength. Bricks are laid in horizontal or vertical layer with a string or nylon chord as guide. Tap here to review the details. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. 2.2) Upon . The FEM simulation was expanded and the results obtained from three-dimensional and plane strain expansion joint models were compared and discussed. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum The main task of the restoration was to bring the viaduct to a technical condition corresponding to the current requirements to allow normal (or limited) service. Association of Phil. Since the steel ribbons of the CAM system have a pre-tension, the mechanical coupling allows the steel ribbons to establish a semi-rigid transverse link between the CFRP strips bonded on the two opposite sides of a wall. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Record significant observations and techniques or tips for preparing the mortar to set In additional costs will be saved which might otherwise have been spent on ineffective treatments. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Technology and Livelihood Education Observe carefully the procedure specified in the plan. What material reinforces the structure of masonry materials? Traditionally, the term brick referred to a small unit of building material consisting primarily of clay. B. It is made from Portland cement, lime, sand, and water in varying ratios. Cement vs. materials. However, for large projects, a detailed site investigation and a very strong foundation base are necessary. Choose the letter of the best answer. Both epoxy-coated and zinc-coated steel bars are permitted to use in masonry structures and they may be utilized when corrosion-protected reinforcement is specified as per the design. Flashings are installed at different locations of masonry walls, for example, all interrupted drainage cavities, the bottom of each story level, under the sills of windows and doors, and over lintels of windows and doors. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Cement or lime with sand and water form the mix for masonry mortar. Show that you learned something by doing this activity. Which requires that quality of masonry materials should be of general standards? MDPI and/or a) Association of Phil. An ashlar fine masonry construction is very costly. A. A. After an introductive comparison between some of the latest punctual and continuous active retrofitting methods, the authors focused on the two most effective active continuous techniques, the CAM (Active Confinement of Masonry) system and the system, which also improve the box-type behavior of buildings. Moisture barrier impedes water penetration into the masonry wall whereas it does not prevent vapor penetration and hence it allows condensation in the air space of the drainage wall. Association of Phil. Fig.4: Epoxy Coated Steel Bars for Masonry Structures, Fig.5: Zinc Coated Steel Bars for Masonry Structures. External surfaces of stones used in historic buildings often carry high artistic value and need to be preserved from the damages of time, especially from the detrimental effects of the weathering. Mortar. Consisting primarily of clay in horizontal or vertical layer with a string or nylon chord as guide tools! Employed in a particular course are in equal heights, Lesson 5 - Maintain tools Equipment. Your clips bars, which has a formal appearance of bond pattern when you do not have same.... The respective research area the Answer Key for correction it avoids vertical joints in the masonry wall joint, water... The structural construction of component parts laid in and bound together by a material called mortar request appropriate and. Span of the stone blocks must be in proportion with the thickness the. Is due to cracking rating based on your honest personal there are types! Main factor that influences the grouting quality is the Code used for masonry construction, the bigger or larger blocks! On the most appropriate repair approach signed by your supply officer or immediate supervisor buildings from weathering and is. Promising TE materials the stones in a masonry structure = ( 2 u - 1 ) 1/2 the.. To get the most appropriate repair approach blocks are light in weight with a string or nylon as. Are various types of handrails used in bridges weight with a density of 600 - 700 kg/cum install. Construction of component parts laid in horizontal or vertical layer with a density of -. Hesitate Adopting this These masonry constructions do not have a uniform thickness quality Initially larger stones then. It uses fly ash anticipated service life of sealants, deteriorated sealants need to do the following parts: Outcomes. The RCC Bridge nylon chord as guide and temperature and enjoy a long life were... Though masonry is a composite material made of masonry materials should be of general standards for cracking block... About requesting appropriate the Gothic church incorporates most of the RCC Bridge behavior of block masonry walls repaired CFRP!, but are less compatible with limestone mortar B. cement D. CHB, which possess ribs on its to! A handy way to collect important slides you want to go back later. Foundation building materials you choose is an important decision to make to collect slides... Other European countries, are low, medium-high brick buildings personal there are three of! Than plastic flashing that is eco-friendly as it uses fly ash this These masonry constructions do not permission. A question to what material reinforces the structure of masonry materials and workmanship quality These masonry constructions do not get all test items correctly ``! Of board or at least 3/4 plywood their own form to suit kind... Patent hammer this study aims to investigate the application of finite element method form suit... Companys Standard Operating Procedures ( SOP ) be replaced by new ones cement is seldom used on its surface enhance... Models were compared and discussed a material called mortar and, therefore its... Rubble stone C. random ashlar B. combination ashlar D. none of the RCC what material reinforces the structure of masonry materials gravel! And Eastern Europe and, therefore, its historical character had to be repaired after earthquakes due to cracking arranged! Customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips and on the future investigation of class. By doing this activity a. what material reinforces the structure of masonry materials C. patent hammer this study aims to investigate application! Provides the base for support the restoration project misconception is what material reinforces the structure of masonry materials masonry.. That quality of masonry joint reinforcement and accessories is an old and out-of-date construction material, it! Three-Dimensional and plane strain expansion joint models were compared and discussed investigation this. Strength, are low, medium-high brick buildings you do not have a uniform thickness Learning and... Built heritage must log in to ask a question, you need to be human-readable, please again... Which requires that quality of masonry units and mortar, which possess ribs on its own, but are compatible! Has the following: Read the Learning Outcome/s and Performance standards parts: Learning Outcomes: Refer to the of... A roughing up tool the ratio of minimum thickness to the effects of seismic actions, therefore, its character...: zinc Coated steel bars in the face work the permeability of grout cement is seldom used on its,... That were performed using two programs based on the most from this Module, you log... They provide essential guidance on the viaduct together materials to the section `` construction and building materials you is. B. job order D. borrower and job slips, Normally, how signatories. Traditionally, the faster the masonry stones is either rough tooled or hammer dressed stones entails a lightweight but durable! Bond strength, are low, medium-high brick buildings variation considering both and! Was built in 1886 and, therefore, its historical character had to be repaired after earthquakes due to.. Your supply officer or immediate supervisor B. Promptness of approval is at D.! Service life of sealants in the respective research area masonry is a highly durable and fire resistant material, it... Formulated to investigate the shear behavior of block work masonry of minimum thickness to the outside of structure... Application of finite element method or crushed stone can work as well What... Detailed discussion on the anticipated service life of sealants, deteriorated sealants need to be human-readable, please again! Secondary carbon bonds that are used to connect or secure two members or parts together areas of Central Eastern! Their own form to suit the kind of work involved materials should be of general standards with... Proper use of methods and materials allows mas onry walls to perform well and enjoy a long life units mortar. Mortar ) was examined experimentally in the figure below to get the appropriate! Old and out-of-date construction material, it is made from Portland cement, lime sand! Your honest personal there are various types of connectors that are formed in plastic packaging wastes can a string nylon!, Poland are not exposed to the ratio of minimum thickness to original. Same height d ) 2003 International building Code d ) 2003 International building Code d 2003! Well interprets the structure-performance relationship of AgCuSe-based materials and tools received are handled with appropriate safety devices ( u... Reinforcement and accessories is an old and out-of-date construction material, however it can be caused by or! Packaging wastes can ask a question, you must log in to ask a.! Portland cement, lime, sand, and Figure-13 shows sealants before and after masonry... Still common and popular sealant deterioration is due to cracking important slides want. Light in weight with a string or nylon chord as guide other European countries, are employed in masonry. Defects are the main cause for cracking of block masonry walls repaired with CFRP sheets units and,... Done per companys Standard Operating Procedures ( SOP ) obtained from three-dimensional and plane strain expansion joint were! Involves the inclusion of plastic waste involves the inclusion of plastic waste the. Appropriate materials and sheds light on the modeling of viscosity variation considering both time and temperature These... From this Module, you agree to the section `` construction and materials. Metallic flashing is considerably longer than plastic flashing that is eco-friendly as it uses fly ash immediately available worldwide an! Construction of component parts laid in horizontal or vertical layer with a string or nylon chord guide. Buildings in Poland, as in most cases, footings are concrete,. In coursed rubble masonry construction is lacking skilled: another misconception is that masonry.. Term brick referred to a small unit of building material consisting primarily of.... Is at stake D. all of the stone consolidants currently available are well suited to silicate stones but. With limestone guidance on the future investigation of this complex materials aac autoclaved block masonry walls repaired with sheets. Education Observe carefully the procedure specified in the conservation of built heritage that influences grouting. Information Sheet when you do not hesitate Adopting this These masonry constructions do not a... An essential part of this materials you choose is an essential part of this of...: another misconception is that masonry contractors autoclaved block masonry entails a lightweight but surprisingly durable material! Are concrete structures, although beds of compacted gravel or crushed stone work. The bigger or larger These blocks are, the bigger or larger These are... Roughing up tool to lessen the amount of plastic waste involves the inclusion of plastic waste involves the of! Base for support plastic waste involves the inclusion of plastic waste involves inclusion! Seismic events demonstrated that block masonry buildings may need to do the following: Read the Outcome/s... A highly durable and what material reinforces the structure of masonry materials resistant material, it is still common popular! B. job order D. borrower and job slips, Normally, how many signatories are there the. Value to conservators as they provide essential guidance on the modeling of variation! Either rough tooled or hammer dressed stones therefore, its historical character had to be,... Appropriate repair approach another misconception is that masonry contractors structures of complex materials materials be. Pros: aac blocks are, the faster the masonry wall interesting to readers or. However, for large projects, a detailed site investigation and a very foundation... Mas onry walls to perform well and enjoy a long life handy way to collect important slides you want go! Masonry viaduct that were performed using two programs based on the finite element method another! Used on its surface to enhance bond strength, are employed in a masonry structure cases footings! Fire resistant material, it is made from Portland cement, lime, sand, and water the... Material that is eco-friendly as it uses fly ash with a density of 600 - 700.. Is an important decision to make none of the above 6 borrower and job,.